{"id":252,"date":"2016-11-29T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2016-11-29T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theresearchpapers.org\/an-introduction-to-italy-s-forthcoming-constitutional-referendum-7c2eaa96c3cf\/"},"modified":"2021-08-14T17:36:02","modified_gmt":"2021-08-14T15:36:02","slug":"an-introduction-to-italy-s-forthcoming-constitutional-referendum-7c2eaa96c3cf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theresearchpapers.org\/archive\/an-introduction-to-italy-s-forthcoming-constitutional-referendum-7c2eaa96c3cf\/","title":{"rendered":"An Introduction to Italy\u2019s Forthcoming Constitutional Referendum"},"content":{"rendered":"

An Introduction to Italy\u2019s Forthcoming Constitutional Referendum<\/h3>\n
\"\"
The Ballot Question via wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Basic country information<\/h3>\n
\"\"
The Ballot Question via wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

When<\/h3>\n

Sunday 4 December 2016<\/p>\n

What?<\/h3>\n
\"\"
The Ballot Question via wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Voters are asked to answer Yes or No to the following:<\/p>\n

Do you approve the text of the constitutional bill concerning \u201cDispositions for the surmounting of perfect bicameralism, the reduction of the number of Members of Parliament, the reduction of institutional operating costs, the abolition of CNEL and the revision of Title V of Part II of the Constitution,\u201d which was approved by Parliament and published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 88, on April 15, 2016?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

What does that\u00a0mean?<\/h3>\n

The referendum is about Constitutional Reform. The government of Prime Minister Matteo Renzi proposes a major reform to the country\u2019s government. He claims that the current bicameral set up is too slow and too costly. Currently, the country is run in what experts call a \u201cperfect\u201d system in the sense that both Parliamentary chambers have equal powers which can lead to gridlocks and endless negotiations.<\/p>\n

In the Referendum, Prime Minister Renzi is proposing an overhaul to the Senate, practically eliminating the political influence of one of its chambers by significantly reducing the number of elected Senators and appointees. His argument is that this overhaul would speed up political measures, changes, negotiations and a more rapid response to citizen\u2019s political concerns.<\/p>\n

What about the EU? Would this affect Italy\u2019s membership?<\/h3>\n

No. EU membership is not part of this referendum.<\/p>\n

But?<\/h3>\n

But, according to analysts<\/a>, \u201cA defeat for Renzi, who proposed the vote and initially pledged to resign if the result didn\u2019t go his way, could lead to early elections and a rise in support for the populist Five Star Movement. This party has pledged to carry out a referendum on whether Italy should stay in the euro area. Some investors are already predicting the end of the European Union<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

However, in spite of the populist Five Star Movement riling up support for an Italian exit (Ixit? Itaxit? exIT?) there would still be many hurdles to the actual process of exiting the Union since the Constitution bans the abrogation of international treaties via a popular vote. If Five Star Movement do end up in power, they would have to pass a constitutional reform first and only then, would they be allowed to have a referendum on whether Italy leaves the Union or not. Such reform and subsequent consultations could potentially take years to complete.<\/p>\n

What is this Five Star Movement?<\/h3>\n
\"\"
The Ballot Question via wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Five Star Movement or Movimento 5 Stelle in Italian, commonly referred to as M5S is Italy\u2019s biggest opposition group. M5S was started by Beppe Grillo, a popular comedian and blogger, and Gianroberto Casaleggio, a web strategist, on 4 October 2009. After Casaleggio\u2019s death, the party has been led by Grillo and a Directorate composed of five leading MPs, until October 2016 when, after some scandals, Grillo announced the end of the Directorate and proclaimed himself \u201cPolitical Head\u201d of the movement.<\/p>\n

In an explainer at The Economist, there\u2019s this background information<\/a>:<\/p>\n

Neither of the two men who founded the movement in 2009 was a politician at the time. One was Beppe Grillo, a comedian in the mould of Michael Moore or Russell Brand. Mr Grillo has lent the M5S visibility and celebrity charisma. But it was his co-founder, Gianroberto Casaleggio, an IT executive, who gave it its distinctive character. Mr Grillo wrote that he first took the shaggy-haired internet buff to be a lunatic, but soon concluded he was a visionary. Mr Casaleggio persuaded the comedian\u200a\u2014\u200abanished from television because of his attacks on the powerful\u200a\u2014\u200ato start a blog. He then encouraged devotees of the blog to use the Meetup platform to form the local cells that laid the foundations for the M5S.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

What distinguishes M5S from other populist movements in Europe is the use the internet to rally support. Again, as per The Economist, \u201cthe M5S sees it as the very reason for its existence: a medium remorselessly eliminating mediation of all kinds that will eventually destroy parties and make possible a form of direct democracy if the people control the government through constant voting over the web<\/em>\u201d. It is also described as cult-like in nature and dissidents are regularly purged in online ballots. Though the Party started as a left wing oppositional force, it has attracted a very significant number of right wing supporters.<\/p>\n

Do they have significant support?<\/h3>\n

Yes and that might be an issue in the Referendum vote. They have already won by a landslide<\/a> in local elections earlier this year. In Rome, where they defeated Renzi\u2019s Party by a very significant difference, their candidate Virginia Raggi was elected the first female mayor of the capital. They also won the ballot in Turin, where another woman, Chiara Appendino was elected mayor of the City.<\/p>\n

However, due to the constant struggles, purges and public arguments, they do not have an \u201cofficial\u201d platform or a set of delineated policies. Instead, they decide those on a case by case basis through internal voting and discussions. M5S proposals have been described as capturing \u201ca demand for expansion of social security schemes, as well as the redistribution of wealth and social regulation of the market\u201d. So far, they have proposed measures<\/a> for income support and a guaranteed minimum income and social housing though they have not been forthcoming in explaining how those would be implemented.<\/p>\n

There is one area where the Party has its deepest disagreements, though: immigration. Since the Party is mostly made of a combination of supporters across the entire political spectrum (from far Left to far Right). There seems to be some degree of internal division between a more humanitarian party component and the leadership that is instead against immigration.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Ballot Question via wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Grillo, the comedian turned Party founder, was under criticism this past June when he tweeted that \u201cthere should be an election as soon as possible before Rome is swamped by rats, rubbish and illegal immigrants<\/em>\u201d He later on deleted the statement and posted an amended version, keeping the rats and the rubbish, but ending with \u201cillegal immigrant camps run by the mafia\u201d.<\/p>\n

But who will win? Yes or\u00a0No?<\/h3>\n

Nobody is entirely sure. Corriere della Sera<\/a> (one of Italy\u2019s biggest and most important newspapers) is warning the country that a win for No could represent a return to fascist ideas for Italy. Citing analysts at The Economist, they call a possible loss \u201ca catastrophe for the country that already produced Mussolini and Berlusconi<\/em>\u201d. In lieu of more trustworthy predictions, Italians are keeping themselves occupied commenting<\/a> on English bookie predictions of a \u201cNo\u201d win by 77%\u00a0.<\/p>\n

That said, I have to agree with this analysis<\/a> (in Italian) published at Forex: the referendum is an important barometer of the strength and reach of populism in Europe. The results will determine the future of M5S and its potential to make it to the highest positions of political power in Italy and eventually command the fate of the European Union as a whole.<\/p>\n

\"\"
The Ballot Question via wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

If you have been following my work, you know I am an independent writer with no affiliations. If you find value in the type of work I do, <\/em>please consider making a donation<\/em><\/a>. Any funds, no matter how small will allow me to continue this ongoing research and analysis. <\/em>Follow me on Twitter<\/em><\/a> for daily updates.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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